Technology And Its Impact On Society - 1343 Words

From over ten thousand years ago to what is now the Information Age, technology has grown significantly and affected not just one individual, but the whole world. The creations of technology have rapidly evolved to where humans depend on technology. They use it for their daily needs and this evidence shows these creations are a stepping-stone for future endeavours. The innovations that several people have created revolutionised the world in a major way from a light bulb and crossbows to an airplane and satellites. However, where they are positive results lie potential negative consequences and it becomes conspicuous every day. As humans become more dependent on technology over the years, society becomes interdependent. This indicates that†¦show more content†¦While it is imperative to create innovations to make people’s tasks easier, the care for a person’s health is a priority and not a luxury. As people watch as technology becomes more advanced, the proportio nality between what humans do and what technology does significantly lowers. The reliability towards many technological devices increase which influences a person’s physical health. Although this relates specifically to individual harm, it becomes clearer about the contrasting effects that can harm a person. One issue that reveals one truth in a report by USA Today is that, â€Å"[nearly] 70 percent of American adults say [they have] experienced symptoms of digital eye strain at some point in their lives† (Holmes 2014). Seeing the dependency on different technological appliances, using it several times leads to harmful effects that are permanent to one’s physical health. Although there can be arguments of positive and negative effects, a person’s health remains the most important factor over technology. Likewise, physical health is affected, but a person’s social health can become worse too. In one study on the addiction of cell phone, â€Å"73 [p ercent] say they felt panicked when they [lose] their phone† and â€Å"[nearly] 40 [percent] admit to checking their phone while on the

The Maori Tribe Of New Zealand - 1556 Words

The Maori tribe arrived in New Zealand during the 13th century. Upon their arrival, the Maori people came across a land quite different from what they originally had been accustomed, learning to adapt to the new climate and the hunt for land mammals is how the tribe survive for years. The Maori people are recognized for their tribe proud spirit, great navigating skills using starts and oceans, and a sense of history that isolates them from every other tribe. The Maori indigenous people migrated from the islands of East Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean, this voyage was later known as the â€Å"Great Fleet†. But even before all the Polynesian voyagers arrived it was said that Chief Kupe was the first to find New Zealand. After the settlement of†¦show more content†¦The highest social rank for the Maori people was the ariki and this was the first-born descendant of the tribe and the leader of the tribe. Every person in the Maori tribe has specific tasks and roles within the social order, such as gardening or hunting for food. The social structure of the Maori culture was divided into three groups: gentry, commoners, and slaves. The commoners were the lower class and while the slaves were treated well, they did not have any personal rights. One commonality that was seen between the high and low status were the tattoos and garments used by the people, those tattooed were within a higher social stratum while those without were de emed worthless. The Maori believed that everything that exists was created by the Gods, the void, the night, and the world of light. To the people, the natural and supernatural worlds were one altogether. The Maori tribe had many spiritual concepts and have a god for almost every life event such as birth, fishing, and the first crops. The rich Maori culture believes in spiritual beings and a supreme supernatural, Io. It is believed that Io only appears to those who have reached a superior level in society, most preferably by the Maori. It was once said that each Maori family had spirits and gods watching over them, these supernatural beings originated from the dead relatives, miscarriages or abortions. Death and funeral rituals play an important role in the Maori culture. In the funeralShow MoreRelatedWhy Did The Treaty Of Waitangi Was Signed? Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1800s New Zealand was an independent MÄ ori-controlled nation, in 1839; Captain William Hobson was given the job of bringing sovereignty to the land of New Zealand. The crown wanted to take part in the growing trade within New Zealand. There were many British missionaries working and living in New Zealand as residents already. MÄ ori and early visitors did not often get on. 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They have an immeasurable respect for the land and it holds the utmost significance. This essay will explore traditional beliefs of whenua such as the creation myth and the importance of TÄ ne. It will also discuss the importance to the MÄ o ri and how theRead MoreNew Zealand s M Ä€ Ori Culture1065 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"New Zealand s MÄ ori culture is an integral part of Kiwi life and adds a unique, dynamic experience for visitors...Find out where to experience  MÄ ori culture by choosing your area of interest in the right-hand menu.† (100% Pure New Zealand). Most top search results for â€Å"Maori Culture† are for attractions, guided tours, and similar spectacles. This culture, which has persisted for nearly a millennia, is gradually withering into little more than a side show attraction. Rather than scholarly journalsRead MoreFormal Meeting Guide For New Zealand Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesMeetings and presentations  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ Assignment -11648 Part 1 Formal meeting guide for to New Zealand Submitted by- Mohit Kumar Submitted to –Anika vats Contents †¢ Introduction 3 †¢ Maori hui 6 †¢ Typical agenda of maori hui 7 †¢ The process and regulations to be followed at a hui

Annotated Bibliography Privacy In Cloud Computing

Question: Discuss about theAnnotated Bibliographyfor Privacy in Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is a practice that involves the use of services and applications that are hosted over the network which is usually the Internet. Almost all of the applications along with the data management are done on cloud in the present scenario. There are a number of specific properties that are associated with every cloud service such as sharing of resources, scalability, non-stop availability, easy accessibility and many others. Due to the involvement of a number of components and the presence of such huge number services, there are many issues that are seen in regards with the cloud computing. Security and privacy issues are one of the prime concerns that are seen in association with cloud computing. These issues primarily affect the data and the information that is present in the cloud environment and adversely impacts the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the same. Detailed Analysis of Related Work Hashizume, K., Rosado, D., Fernndez-Medina, E., Fernandez, E. (2013). An analysis of security issues for cloud computing. J Internet Serv Appl, 4(1), 5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1869-0238-4-5 The resource is a journal that explains the concept and various issues that are associated with the same in terms of security and privacy. The author has made use of the three delivery models as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) to explain the security and privacy issues. The security issues that are present under SaaS include application security, issues due to the multi-tenancy architecture followed in cloud computing, data security issues and accessibility issues resulting in compromise of the privacy of the data. There are also a number of issues associated with PaaS sue to the presence of a number of third party relationships and developmental life cycle along with infrastructural security. IaaS has security and privacy issues due to shared resources, virtual machine monitor and virtual networks. Jansen, W. (2016). Cloud Hooks: Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/hicss/2011/4282/00/10-03-01.pdf The resource is a white paper and the author has focused upon a number of security and privacy issues that are associated with cloud computing. The issues that have been listed in the paper have been categorized and explained on the basis of various categories such as identity management, data protection, isolation and availability. There are also a number of insider threats that are seen due to easier access provided to the insiders and the malicious intents as well which result in the violation of the security and privacy. There are also a number of issues that arise due to architecture that is followed such as attack on the surface, virtual networks and client side protection. Kshetri, N. (2016). Privacy and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution. Sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596112000717 The resource is a journal and the topic of the same revolves around the privacy and security issues that are associated with the cloud computing that have been covered by the author in an elaborated manner. The author has described the nature, origin and the implications that are associated with each of the security and privacy issue that is involved with cloud computing. The changes that are necessary to be implemented have also been covered by the author. Pearson, S. Benameur, A. (2016). Privacy, Security and Trust Issues Arising from Cloud Computing. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://barbie.uta.edu/~hdfeng/CloudComputing/cc/cc05.pdf The resource is a white paper that covers the trust, security and privacy issues that are covered by the author in association with cloud computing. Privacy issues that are associated with the cloud computing include due to a number of reasons and components such as the lack of user control, unauthorized secondary storage, data proliferation and dynamic provisioning. There are also security issues that are present in terms of the access issues, availability and backup, control over data lifecycle and lack of standardization along with the audit issues. There are also a number of trust issues that are seen which also cause violation of security and privacy that is associated with the data and information present with the cloud. Ryan, M. (2016). Cloud Computing Privacy Concerns on Our Doorstep. Cacm.acm.org. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/1/103200-cloud-computing-privacy-concerns-on-our-doorstep/fulltext The resource is an article in which the author has covered the various privacy concerns that exist in association with the cloud computing. The author has explained deliberate as well as the accidental threats that are present which result in the violation of the security. Deliberate threats are the ones that have the presence of malicious intent and are purposely executed to cause the damage. There are also accidental threats that are present which occur by a human or machine error or due to inadequate knowledge. These concerns along with the countermeasures are covered by the author in the article. Sen, J. (2016). Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1303/1303.4814.pdf The resource is a white paper that covers the concepts that are associated with cloud computing in terms of security and privacy. The author has explained the various components that are present in cloud computing and the issues that emerge due to the involvement of each. The author has covered the six broad areas that impact security and privacy as security of the data that is at rest, security of the data that is in transit or is moving, issues due to authentication, robust separation, legal issues and incident response. Confidentiality, availability and integrity threats are listed as well. Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Xiong, Y., Zhu, G. (2014). Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing. International Journal Of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014, 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/190903 There are three important properties of data and information as confidentiality, integrity and availability that are utilized in the journal by the author to explain the security and privacy issues that are associated with cloud computing. The attacks that are launched by the attackers with every specific area along with the countermeasures that can be adopted have been explained by the author. Takabi, H. (2016). Security and Privacy Challenges in Cloud Computing Environments. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/SE765/Paper/security2.pdf There are three imperative properties of information and data as classification, trustworthiness and accessibility that are used in the diary by the creator to clarify the security and protection issues that are connected with distributed computing. The assaults that are dispatched by the assailants with each particular range alongside the countermeasures that can be received have been clarified by the creator. Research Issues There are a number of security and privacy issues that are seen in the world of cloud computing. The research covers these issues in detail along with the references that have been utilized to assess and analyze the same. Due to the involvement of a number of resources and components, the likelihood of these challenges has increased over the past few years. Also, the attackers have developed a number of newer forms of attacks which do not have a strong countermeasure to deal with the impact that may be caused. These issues that are associated with cloud computing in terms of security and privacy can have low to extremely severe impact and may also result in legal penalties and punishments. The research covers all of these issues and their impacts. Proposed Solutions There are a number of countermeasures and technological advancements that can be adopted in order to put a check on the security and privacy issues that are associated with cloud computing. The basic security measures and mechanisms that must be adopted well so that there are no easy access points to the attackers at the first step of security. These measures include use of anti-virus and other anti-malware software along with the installation of firewall at every network exit and entry point. Advanced security mechanisms in terms of identity and access management must also be ensured such as intrusion detection, intrusion prevention, multi layer authentication and many others. Networking monitoring and network scans must also be used to prevent any of the networking attacks and threats. Cryptography and encryption are the measures that must be used to keep up the security of the data and information even if the attacker succeeds in acquiring the information and data. Physical security is one of the measures that are often overlooked by the organizations and firms that must never be ignored to protect the servers and physical access points. There must also be continual audit and activity logs that must be maintained to detect the activities of the resources and employees that are associated with the organization to put a check on the insider threats that are quite common in the present scenario. Experimental Analysis Related to Improve the Solutions The solutions that have been proposed can be implemented by providing training and conducting sessions for the security team that is involved with the application and the system. There shall be a corrective and preventive solution implemented to the part of the system to test the effectiveness of the same and shall then be expanded to the system as a whole in case of success. Crowdsource testing along with the series of verifications and validations can also be utilized to verify and validate the steps that are implemented in a particular solution. Conclusion and Recommendations Privacy is one of the most important concerns that is seen in the field of cloud computing. There are a number of risks that are seen in the cloud services and applications with respect to the cloud computing. These risks can be executed through a number of threat agents and it is necessary to put a check on these threat agents. The threat agents associated with cloud computing and security and privacy infrastructure present with the same can be prevented by applying a number of physical, administrative and technical controls. Audit logs and scans shall also be done to make sure that the threats are prevented. References Hashizume, K., Rosado, D., Fernndez-Medina, E., Fernandez, E. (2013). An analysis of security issues for cloud computing. J Internet Serv Appl, 4(1), 5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1869-0238-4-5 Jansen, W. (2016). Cloud Hooks: Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/hicss/2011/4282/00/10-03-01.pdf Kshetri, N. (2016). Privacy and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution. Sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596112000717 Pearson, S. Benameur, A. (2016). Privacy, Security and Trust Issues Arising from Cloud Computing. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://barbie.uta.edu/~hdfeng/CloudComputing/cc/cc05.pdf Ryan, M. (2016). Cloud Computing Privacy Concerns on Our Doorstep. Cacm.acm.org. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/1/103200-cloud-computing-privacy-concerns-on-our-doorstep/fulltext Sen, J. (2016). Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1303/1303.4814.pdf Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Xiong, Y., Zhu, G. (2014). Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing. International Journal Of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014, 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/190903 Takabi, H. (2016). Security and Privacy Challenges in Cloud Computing Environments. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/SE765/Paper/security2.pdf

The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example

The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay The Big Business of Dairy Farming : Big Trouble for Cows June 11, 2007 Most people are aware that dairies in the United States bear little resemblance to the idyllic pastures of yesteryear. As with other branches of animal agriculture, such as chicken and egg production, hog farming, and beef production as well as crop growing small, traditional dairy farms have been steadily pushed out of the business by large agribusiness concerns. Since the mid-20th century, the growth of factory farming has led to the transformation of agriculture, forcing small farmers to ? et big or get out.? Small farms cannot compete with big agricultural firms because they cannot achieve the same economies of scale. The American dairy industry annually produces about 20 billion gallons of raw milk, which is processed and sold as butter, cheese, ice cream, and fluid milk. This amounts to about INR 1,739. 31 billion in sales each year. There are between 65,000 and 81,000 U. S. dairies, yet corporate consolidat ion means that about half of the milk sold comes from just under 4 percent of the farms. While the large number of brands and labels on store shelves would seem to indicate a diversity of sources, in reality many of these brands are owned by a handful of large corporations. For example, the countrys largest dairy producer, Dean Foods, owns 40 or so brands, 3 of them representing organic milk. As the number of dairy farms has decreased, the size of those remaining has increased. Between 1991 and 2004, the number of U. S. dairies dropped by almost half, and the number of dairies with 100 or more cows grew by 94 percent. Because big businesses typically seek continuously increasing profits, production must be maximized, almost always at the expense of the cows in one way or another. The cows must be pushed to produce more and more milk. The production of large amounts of milk has called for changes that affect the animal’s health, including the use of drugs, mechanization, and factory-like housing conditions. Most dairy cows are raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); about 10 percent of those are considered large CAFOs, each with more than 700 dairy cattle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Business of Dairy Farming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Business of Dairy Farming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Business of Dairy Farming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of the keys to higher production and higher profits is to increase the milk yield while raising fewer cows. Between 1950 and 2000, the number of dairy cows in the United States fell by more than half, yet during that same period, the average annual milk yield more than tripled. What made this possible, and how has it affected the welfare of the animals? Frequent pregnancy Cows are like any other mammal in that they produce milk for the nurturing of their young; in order to lactate, a cow must recently have given birth. In her natural state, a cow gives birth after nine months of gestation and nurses her calf for seven months to a year. This is ? wasted? time that a dairy factory farm can ill afford in addition to the fact that the milk is meant to go to market, not to the calf so calves born to dairy cows, whose primary purpose in being born is to induce lactation, are taken away either immediately after birth or within a day or so. This separation causes great distress to the mother, who would normally feed the calf more than a dozen times a day and, like other mammals, forms a strong bond with her young soon after birth. Male calves are killed or sent off to be raised for veal or beef. Females become dairy cows like their mothers; frequent replacement of herd members is necessary because the death rate of dairy cows is very high. Cows natural life expectancy is 20 years or more, but the average dairy cow lives just 3 to 4 years, exhausted by constant lactation and frequent disease. Cows on factory farms give birth once a year as a result of artificial insemination. About two to three months after calving, a cow is once again impregnated, and the cycle begins again. Lactation continues throughout, except for a few weeks break in between its cessation (about eight months or so after calving) and the next time she gives birth. Thus, dairy cows are induced to produce milk for most of the year. High-protein feed and growth hormones Cows naturally eat grass, which is how the bucolic image of dairy herds grazing in pastures became so well recognized. A diet of grass, however, is high-fiber and of low nutritional density and does not result in a high milk yield. The milk produced from this diet would be enough to feed a calf, but it is not enough to satisfy market needs. So modern dairy cows are fed a low-fiber, high-protein diet of grains such as corn and soy along with animal by-products. As ruminants, they have stomachs with four compartments that are made to process high-fiber grass; partially digested food, or cud, is regurgitated to again be chewed and swallowed, a process that occupies cows for up to eight hours a day. The feed given to cows on dairy farms, however, does not lend itself to this process and is thus difficult for them to digest, causing health problems. In addition, the use of high-protein diets because they contain animal protein, including, in the past, tissue from diseased cows has been implicated in the proliferation of mad cow disease. Another tool to increase milk yield is the use of the genetically engineered growth hormone rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone). This hormone contributes to an average milk prouction of 100 pounds of milk per cow per day, 10 times as much milk as a calf would need. Maintaining such high production for such an unnatural length of time exhausts the cows bodies and depletes them nutritionally to such a degree that even the nutritionally dense feed cannot compensate. Copious milk production causes cowsbones to become severely deficient in calcium. They thus become prone to fracture, and the result is a sharp increase in the number of ? owned? cows, or ? downers,? a general term for farm and food animals who collapse, unable to stand up again, and must be destroyed. The use of rBGH causes other serious problems, including chronic mastitis (a painful bacterial infection and swelling of the udder), which is related to overproduction of milk. To treat infections and help prevent them, d airy farms routinely administer antibiotics to their cows. Antibiotics and rBGH find their way into the milk that humans drink. It is known that the overuse of antibiotics, including routine preventative use, encourages the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. In addition, milk from cows given rBGH shows an increased presence of IGF-1, an insulin-like growth factor, which has been shown to cause cancer in humans. The amount of IGF-1 present in milk produced by cows given rBGH is two to 10 times that in non-rGBH milk. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration, which is responsible for regulating the use of such supplements, not only has allowed the use of rBGH but has also refused to allow the labeling of milk to advise consumers that it contains the hormone. The United States is the only industrialized nation that permits the use of growth hormone in animals used for food. How dairy cows are housed In 2001 more than 75 percent of dairy cows had no access to pasture. Cows in many dairies are housed in a combination of outdoor and indoor facilities, such as sheds, outdoor dirt corrals, and stall barns that may not have access to the open air and where cows may be tied up or otherwise restrained for long periods of time. Cows who are restrained in stalls show signs of stress from social isolation and the inability to lie down; further, they are likely to develop teat and skin injuries, lameness, and susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Over the last few decades, agribusiness dairies have experienced great growth in the southwestern United States, which has a very different climate from the country’s traditional dairy-producing regions, including New England and the Midwest. The Southwest does not have expanses of grassland, and most dairy cattle there are housed in unpaved dirt lots, or drylots. The undeveloped surface of such lots is hard on the cows and causes frequent lameness. Drylots offer inadequate protection from the elements, and heavy rains create layers of mud and manure several inches thick, often making it difficult or impossible for the cows to walk or lie down on a dry surface, which dairy experts recognize as a health requirement for cows. Further, the population density on dirt feedlots tends to be very high. In the southern regions of California, one of the largest dairy-producing states, the average number of cows per dairy was 800 to 1,000 in 2005aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ more than three times higher than it was in 1972. High density makes it difficult to maintain sanitation, and dairy cows housed this way are subject to frequent illness and infections. Organic dairies Unlike the sorry state of most so-called free-range? hicken facilities, the majority of organic milk producers do treat their cows well, providing access to pasture and proper feed, avoiding growth hormones, and adhering to ethical standards. However, the growth of the organic milk industry in the 1990s and the early 2000s has attracted the attention of agribusinesses, whose desire to participate in this lucrative market has led them to compromise organic standards and lobby for the degradation of such regulations at the federal level. According to a 2006 report by the Cornucopia Institute, a farm-policy research group, some of the countrys leading producers of milk, after entering the organic market, have attempted to transfer their factory-farm dairying techniques to the production of aâ‚ ¬? organicaâ‚ ¬? milk. The study found that nearly 20 percent of the organic-brand milk on store shelves was from producers following substandard practices. Consumers should be aware that some of the biggest names in the business are among those implicated.

The Humble Foot

The Humble Foot The Humble Foot The Humble Foot By Maeve Maddox For obvious reasons, the word for foot is one of the oldest in the language: O.E. fot, from P.Gmc. *fot (cf. O.N. fotr, Du. voet, Ger. Fuß, Goth. fotus foot), from PIE *pod-/*ped- (cf. Avestan pad-; Skt. pat, acc. padam foot; Gk. pos, Attic pous, gen. podos; L. pes, gen. pedis foot; Lith. padas sole, peda footstep). Like other body parts, foot has found its way into numerous idiomatic expressions. Here are just a few. foot the bill to pay for something, usually for something one would rather not pay for oneself: Ill go to the convention if the company will foot the bill. put your foot in your mouth to say something one regrets immediately (or should!): You put your foot in your mouth with that remark about her hat. have one foot in the grave about to die: When you had the flu, you looked as if you had one foot in the grave. to have itchy feet to have a frequent desire to travel: Hes not a good marriage prospect; he has itchy feet. to get cold feet to feel sudden misgivings about doing something one had planned to do: Its the morning of the wedding and the bride has cold feet. to get off on the wrong footto begin an enterprise by doing something inappropriate: Susie got off on the wrong foot with her old-fashioned boss when she told him she didnt make coffee. to get off on the right foot to start out doing everything right: The new fireman got off on the right foot when he saved that baby. to put ones best foot forward to present oneself at ones best: She bought a new dress and had her hair done because she wanted to put her best foot forward for the job interview. to land on your feet to come through a difficult situation without harm: Dont worry about Jack in this storm. He always lands on his feet. to drag your feet to be reluctant: Stop dragging your feet and mow the grass! to have your feet on the ground to have a practical outlook: His decision to put off the move until hes sure he has the job shows he has his feet on the ground. not to put a foot wrong to do everything according to rule and expectation: Mr. Perfect there never puts a foot wrong with the boss. to have feet that hardly touch the ground to move quickly: On the day of the church picnic, her feet hardly touched the ground. to put ones feet up to relax: Now that youve finished the project, you can put your feet up for awhile. to put ones foot down to take a firm stand: When little Jimmy kicked the dog, his father finally put his foot down. My foot! expression of disbelief: Abner Potts made a perfect score on the SAT? My foot! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors"To Tide You Over"

Writing Greek Letters on the Computer

Writing Greek Letters on the Computer If you write anything scientific or mathematical on the internet, you will quickly find the need for several special characters that are not readily available on your keyboard. ASCII characters for  HTML  allow you to include many characters that dont appear on an English keyboard, including the  Greek alphabet. To make the correct character appear on the page, start with an ampersand () and a pound sign (#), followed by a three-digit number, and ending with a semicolon (;). Creating Greek Letters This table contains  many Greek letters  but not all of them. It only contains uppercase and lowercase letters that are not available on a keyboard. For  example, you can type the capital alpha (A) in Greek  with a regular capital  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹A  because these letters look the same in Greek and English. You can also use the code #913 or Alpha. The results are the same. Not all symbols are supported by all browsers. Check before you publish. You may need to add the following bit of code in the head part of your HTML document: meta http-equivcontent-type contenttext/html; charsetutf-8 HTML Codes for Greek Letters Character Displayed HTML Code capital gamma Γ #915; or Gamma; capital delta Δ #916; or Delta; capital theta ÃŽËœ #920; or Theta; capital lambda Λ #923; or Lamda; capital xi Ξ #926; or Xi; capital pi ÃŽ   #928; or Pi; capital sigma ÃŽ £ #931; or Sigma; capital phi ÃŽ ¦ #934; or Phi; capital psi ÃŽ ¨ #936; or Psi; capital omega ÃŽ © #937; or Omega; small alpha ÃŽ ± #945; or alpha; small beta ÃŽ ² #946; or beta; small gamma ÃŽ ³ #947; or gamma; small delta ÃŽ ´ #948; or delta; small epsilon ÃŽ µ #949; or epsilon; small zeta ÃŽ ¶ #950; or zeta; small eta ÃŽ · #951; or zeta; small theta ÃŽ ¸ #952; or theta; small iota ÃŽ ¹ #953; or iota; small kappa ÃŽ º #954; or kappa; small lamda ÃŽ » #955; or lambda; small mu ÃŽ ¼ #956; or mu; small nu ÃŽ ½ #957; or nu; small xi ÃŽ ¾ #958; or xi; small pi Ï€ #960; or pi; small rho Ï  #961; or rho; small sigma ÏÆ' #963; or sigma; small tau Ï„ #964; or tau; small upsilon Ï… #965; or upsilon; small phi φ #966; or phi; small chi χ #967; or chi; small psi ψ #968; or psi; small omega ω #969; or omega; Alt Codes for Greek Letters You can also use Alt codes- also called quick codes,  quick keys, or keyboard shortcuts- to create Greek letters, as displayed in the  table below, which was adapted from the website  Useful Shortcuts. To create any of these Greek letters using the Alt codes, simply press the Alt key while simultaneously typing the listed number. For example, to create the Greek letter Alpha (ÃŽ ±), press the Alt key and type 224 using the keypad at the right side of your keyboard. (Do not use the numbers at the top of the keyboard located above the letter keys, as they will not work for creating Greek letters.) Character Displayed Alt Code Alpha ÃŽ ± Alt 225 Beta ÃŽ ² Alt 225 Gamma Γ Alt 226 Delta ÃŽ ´ Alt 235 Epsilon ÃŽ µ Alt 238 Theta ÃŽËœ Alt 233 Pi Ï€ Alt 227 Mu  µ Alt 230 Uppercase Sigma ÃŽ £ Alt 228 Lowercase Sigma ÏÆ' Alt 229 Tau Ï„ Alt 231 Uppercase Phi ÃŽ ¦ Alt 232 Lowercase Phi φ Alt 237 Omega ÃŽ © Alt 234 History of the Greek Alphabet The Greek alphabet went through several changes over the centuries. Before the fifth century B.C., there were two similar Greek alphabets, the Ionic and Chalcidian. The Chalcidian alphabet may have been the forerunner of the Etruscan alphabet and, later, the Latin alphabet. It is the Latin alphabet that forms the basis of most European alphabets. Meanwhile, Athens adopted the Ionic alphabet; as a result, it is still used in modern Greece. While the original Greek alphabet was written in all capitals, three different scripts were created to make it easier to write quickly. These include uncial, a system for connecting capital letters, as well as the more familiar cursive and minuscule. Minuscule is the basis for modern Greek handwriting. Why You Should Know the Greek Alphabet Even if you never plan to learn Greek, there are good reasons to familiarize yourself with the alphabet. Mathematics and science use Greek letters like pi (Ï€) to complement the numeric symbols. Sigma in its capital form (ÃŽ £) can stand for sum, while the uppercase letter delta (Δ) can mean  change. The Greek alphabet is also central to the study of theology. For example, the Greek used in the Bible- called  Koine (or common) Greek- is different than  modern Greek. Koine Greek was the language used by writers of the Old Testament Greek Septuagint  (the earliest existing Greek translation of the Old Testament) and the Greek New Testament, according to an article titled The Greek Alphabet published on the website  BibleScripture.net. So, many theologians need to study ancient Greek to get closer to the original biblical text. Having ways to quickly produce Greek letters using HTML or keyboard shortcuts makes this process much easier. Additionally, Greek letters are used to designate fraternities, sororities, and philanthropic organizations. Some books in English are also numbered using the letters of the Greek alphabet. Sometimes, both lowercase and capitals are employed for simplification. Thus, you may find that the books of the Iliad are written Α to ÃŽ © and those of the Odyssey, ÃŽ ± to ω.

Social work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social work - Essay Example e been made to eliminate racism through community awareness, education, legislation, training of community service workers as well as planned attempts to try to cater for all segments of the society. Racism at all levels of a society including institutional, personal and structural, can be particularly difficult for the older people because of the psychological damage that it can cause. Social workers and those who are managing social services have to be aware of and be prepared to counter any racism that the encounter. This brief essay takes a look at the impact of racism on social work practice with older people in the United Kingdom. Older adults have been increasing in number in the industrialised countries as a result of the demographic changes which have taken place in these countries due to low birth rates and a high quality of health care that is provided to the citizens (Roberts, 2002, Pp. 1 -3). Many of these older adults are not from the mainstream racial or cultural background which is to be found in such countries and their presence has been the result of the immigration which has taken place into these countries which include the United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. The immigration policies of these countries have been in line with their requirements for economic development, but these policies have also meant that the immigrant accepting societies have also a responsibility towards providing care of the elderly migrants who have contributed to their new countries in their younger years. The United Kingdom is now moving towards becoming a cohesive and well integ rated society which includes citizens who were formerly from many Commonwealth countries such as Pakistan, India, Hong Kong, West Indies, South Africa and Nigeria etc, to name a few. The government in the United Kingdom has been conscious of its responsibilities to the society and a considerable effort has been made by the government to ensure that

Rebuttal Argument about Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman Essay

Rebuttal Argument about Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman - Essay Example These biases are unseen, but they program the human mind to respond in specific ways towards experiences in the world. Orate cultures formed the foremost presentation techniques in the globe. Antique philosophers capitalized on this technique in their presentation. Socrates was a major philosopher who used this communication technique in his diverse encounters. For instance, he used this technique for his court proceedings after his arrest (Postman, 1985). During the antique times, oral presentations were regarded more credible than the ones in writing. Audiences would invest much belief to orally presented ideas than the written ones. This was an evident trend in the antique legal institutions. The court of law during these times would majorly capitalize on the orally presented evidence. They would also adopt laws presented orally. Therefore, oral presentation of laws was the main and recommended technique communication in courts. Jurors would exclusively receive training and evidence with the oral nature (Schubert, 2005). Orate presentations were paramount techniques of communication, since they h ad outstanding merits. For instance, they propagate a firsthand encounter of information or evidence. According to Postman, rhetoric techniques in oral presentations deprived the credibility and truthfulness of the presentation (Postman, 1985). However, some rhetorical techniques are majorly instrumental to the presentation of truth. Thus, Postman’s implication is invalid in this case. Rhetoric techniques reinforce emphasis that substantiates truth. Therefore, some rhetoric features like questions are paramount to emphasize truth. It is not necessarily that the rhetoric features hinder truth. Print techniques were subsequently enhanced after orate techniques (Schubert, 2005). During the era of their inception, the levels of literacy had taken an elevating trend in society. Research institutions were taking

The Milk Chain Essay Example for Free

The Milk Chain Essay Malawi Dairybord is a home for dairy products. Rogers has run the dairy for the past twelve years. His product is a combination of goods the items he delivers and services the delivery and associated jobs he does for customers. At the heart of operations is an information system which contains full details of all of Rogers’s 1000 plus customers, including their regular orders, special orders, where to deliver, how they pay and so on. Everyday the system calculates the likely sales of all products in two days time. Rogers adds some margin of safety allows for likely variations and passes his order to Unidairy some 150km away. Unidairy acts as a wholesaler for milkmen in Bvumbwe and surrounding areas. The following evening Unidairy delivers to a holding depot in Limbe and then takes Roger’s goods 10km to a cold store in Njuli. At 5. 30am the following morning Roger collects the order from his cold store and starts delivering to customers. This normally takes until 1. 30 in the afternoon but on Fridays he spends more time collecting money and often finishes after 5. 0pm There are several specific problems facing Malawi Dairybord. There is for example some variation in daily demand so Roger has to carry spare stock. He cannot carry too much as dairy products have a short life and anything not delivered is thrown away. Roger aims at keeping this waste down to 2% of sales. There are also problems maintaining a service during holidays, or when Unidairy has difficulties with their deliveries. Perhaps Roger’s main concern is maintaining his sales over the long term. Demand for doorstep deliveries is declining as people buy more milk at supermarkets. The number of milkmen in Bvumbwe has declined from ten in 1997 to three in 2012. Most of Roger’s customers have been with him for many years but he generates new custom delivering leaflets, special offers and carrying a range of products. Case study questions Describe the supply chain for milk Where does Malawi Dairybord fit into this? What specific activities form the logistics in Malawi Dairybord. Draw the supply chain network What are the main problems that Malawi Dairybord has with logistics?

The Hunting of the President :: President Bill Clinton

The Hunting of the President presented an argument by Harry Thomason and Nickolas Perry that from 1990 to 2000 a group of people were committed to destroying the reputation of William (Bill) Jefferson Clinton. Through elaborate testimonials, the claim is that this group of well-funded individuals as well as media attempted to gain from Clinton’s alleged misfortunes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film begins with a narration that took place approximately ten days before the 1992 presidential election, Andrew Cooper, a reporter from New Zealand, is approached by a man named Everett Hamm. According to Cooper, who explains his story to the camera, Hamm explained that he was a part of a group called the Alliance for the Rebirth for an Independent America (ARIA). The right-wing, well-funded organization, Cooper claimed, was dedicated to discrediting the Clinton family by any means possible. The filmmakers show a tall, bald-headed, burly man with a lot of shadow over his face to portray Hamm has a monstrous individual. Hamm and his well-known co-partner, lawyer Cliff Jackson, planned to do everything they could to hurt Clinton’s reputation. The filmmakers state that in 1988, the state of Arkansas hired an ex-jingle producer as a marketing representative by the name of Larry Nichols. The film makes it known that after it was discovered that Nichols was using his state office and resources to help fund the contras in Nicaragua, Governor Clinton fired Nichols. Four years later, in 1992, Star Magazine paid Nichols $50,000 for his story that Clinton had sex with a group of women while Governor in the state of Arkansas. The camera immediately shows the front cover of Star Magazine and Nichol’s story about Clinton. All the women denied the affair happened, except one woman by the name of Gennifer Flowers. Flowers publicly claimed that she and Clinton had a 12-year relationship. The film presents Flowers standing at a podium where she told the press about her alleged affair with Clinton. However, the woman who happened to be a former recording artist at Nichol’s old recording studio eventually changed her story. The filmmakers also state that in August 1993, two Arkansas troopers alleged that Clinton asked them to cover up numerous extramarital liaisons while he was Governor. They were represented by a former Oxford classmate of Clinton, Cliff Jackson. It is believed that the troopers had two motives for their allegations. Jackson told the troopers that he would â€Å"cut them in† on everything from magazine features to movie deals.

Profound book Essay

In his profound book on Theism, J. L. Mackie, who is widely considered a champion of the atheistic school discusses the various bases on which the concept of God is founded, perceived and practiced the world over. In so doing, he touches upon the various approaches that have either necessitated God or have described God. In chapter 9, which Mackie has aptly named the â€Å"Problem of Evil†, he questions the basis of the description of God provided by almost all the religions of the world and all the theistic philosophies at one point of time or another. God is described according to traditional theism, as omnipotent (and omniscient) and wholly good. Mackie’s question starts with the poser â€Å".. and yet there is evil in this world. How can this be? † (Mackie, 150). The question that Mackie poses and the logic he supplies are wholly satisfactory to the intellect to understand and appreciate his question, to say the least. Mackie argues that according to the initially plausible and widely admitted premise, Good is opposed to evil that being good eliminates Evil. Proceeding with the same logic, a good and potent being eliminates Evil as far as he can and God being Omnipotent and, there being no limits to His capacity, there should be no Evil at all. Mackie goes on to point out (rather gleefully) â€Å"then we do have a contradiction. A wholly good omnipotent would eliminate evil completely; if there really are evils, then there cannot be any such being† (Mackie, 150) A very well made argument indeed. However, the proponents of Theism and Religion have addressed the problem of evil and this logical paradox on the existential basis for ages together. But sadly, those arguments have never been to counter a clever poser as Mackie’s. However, it is not entirely impossible to adopt those answers to this obvious rejection of God on a quirky basis of a logical exemption. In most Theistic concepts, read Religion, God has indeed been described as omnipotent and completely good. But all Religions have taken note of eh fact that God did not will his creation to be a static equilibrium. It has been ordained to be a Dynamic equilibrium. All dynamics as logics permit can happen only when there are at the least two opposite directions and two opposing forces. Creation has been described as the collusion of two opposing or differing forces giving birth to new . All religions envisage creation as such. Heightened awareness of the power of two different, (not necessarily opposing) and individual powers have been found in the deification of the Shiva Linga (the phallus) in the (rather primitive for some) Hindu religious symbols and the concept of Ying and Yang that pervades the ancient Chinese philosophy and medicine. More than attributing Good as a characteristic to God, most Religions have described God as an omnipotent being who is beyond definition or a being from whom Definitions originate. Therefore a creation that has good, as perceived by Human mind and the inherent logic and Evil, as held repulsive by civilization are both creations of God. God is described as a singularity that is beyond the grasp of any man made attempts to attain it including Logic. More over all religions hold central the belief that the Universe is a grand design (and some religions which provide ample space for mysticism in their practice call it a Game God created to entertain himself). Consciousness is an ability God has provided Human being to be able to entertain the thoughts of quest for truth and try to decipher the secrets behind the creation. If consciousness is provide by God, then the entire capabilities covering the gamut of good to evil are all provided by god so that man can continue his (most probably, the ordained) task of quest for truth and die trying. ( Let us imagine God gave Tiger Woods his prowess in Golf, he also gave him his handicaps so that Woods can justify his life by trying continuously to overcome them and pit himself against several other god given powers of other golfers and justify his attempts at perfection) To Him, He being the singularity beyond the grasp of logic, reasoning and justice, He, who is the source of all definitions, Good and evil are part of the equilibrium he has provided Man with, to play out his life and continue the evolution of Civilization as per the design of God. Therefore, it is entirely possible to have God who is fondly defined as omnipotent and the personification of unending Good and kindness to allow Evil to exist as a small counter force to help establish the dynamics in the world. Though there are mythological stories that abound with the stories of incarnation of God triumphing over one form of evil or another, it is entirely the manifestations of the Theological concepts which use stories of God to guide man in his quest for morality which again is an underlying concept of the happening Universe, God must have envisaged. The existence of Evil is like the directions along a road on a long journey. If there is a signal, which entrusts the person on the journey to take right, drive east or any other direction, it is understood that by taking the opposite direction, he would go away from his goal. The presence of the opposite direction is not proof enough to say that the correct direction is not the right direction. It is the supreme power which has conceived both directions and stands aback amused to see if in its grand design, its creation, the man on the undertaking the journey, uses its consciousness and the powers of reasoning (again provided by Him) in making the correct judgment or not. Therefore the argument (which is precisely that, an argument) does not stand that the presence of Evil nullifies the probability of having an Omnipotent, omniscient being, which is wholly good called God. Let us take the analogy of the Games, which we had briefly touched upon in the case of Tiger woods. Why does a man create opposing teams with opposing goals and efforts in the opposite direction to entertain himself, say as in Football? It is to provide the necessary conflict that can make the game interesting and entertaining. By the same token, God provides for opposing moralities to see if the being he created (most religions fondly believe in His likeness) exercises his god-given prowess of understanding, logic and reasoning to make the right choice and comes out victorious in his quest. Armstrong made a strong reference to Relativity when he said that his small step was a giant leap for mankind. Similarly a giant leap for mankind might just be a speck of a movement in the grand and long journey God has planned for his creation towards the ultimate Truth. Einstein had proposed in his Relativity theory that as the speed inches towards the ultimate threshold of the speed of light, the energy required to accelerate towards it gets close to infinity. If Einstein has stumbled on a profound truth of the universe, then mankind’s each step towards unraveling of the truth about God, only makes his next step that much more or infinitely difficult. It is the opposing force of Evil, also part of God’s design that makes for the interesting conflict. It is but the duty of mankind to justify his existence by making his own judgments at every step to dodge the evil, so strategically placed to further his quest for a living God would have ordained him to live, not in an easy manner but in a difficult and interesting manner. Greatest factor of God’s creation is the seeming Choice for human being at every step, always accompanies with the uncertainty of not knowing the result of his choice. For a choice to be present there need to be two opposing or at the least different factors- if one is Good, the other has got to be Evil. For the omnipotent, Evil is not as evil as it is for us. It is another factor of his creation, which he has put in place to help his chosen being, the mankind to exercise his judgment. It is with admiration for the intellectual virility of J. L. Mackie, one must reject his theory that the presence of Evil negates the presence of God, because God as felt (and not described) by the miraculous attempts of Theists and religion is not just beyond description and definition, in fact He is the basis and the fountainhead of all the definitions and in whom all dissimilarities merge, unite and find their roots. Book cited Mackie, J. L. The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982

Colors of Love Essay

They say in love nothing is impossible. Height, weight, distance and of course age is just a damn number. To love is a great feeling but to be loved is a much greater feeling. But it’s hard to be hurt, that feeling like when your heart’s gonna burst and while in pain, you’re just crying and crying and crying. The first time I saw him, I was starstrucked! â€Å"Wow, he’s so tall and kinda handsome. Does he have any talent and is he that smart enough? If he does, then he’s already!† When my classmates and I began to study with him the girls were like â€Å"Oh my gosh!† they started to like him. â€Å"If only I could, tsk† I murmured. At first, I thought that love isn’t true because reading then studying and vice versa are the things I only do, because my goals are to finish my studies in the best university, then to have a job with a high salary, and to have my own family, as simple as that. We are not very rich just rich alone. My mother is a doctor; in fact she belongs to the family of doctors, while my father is an engineer and a president in one of the biggest hotel and casino here in the Philippines. They both met in Europe while having a vacation in Switzerland. My family owned a lot of businesses and properties worldwide. But, even though, I can live without working, I still wanna pursue my dreams on my own. I have an older sister and she’s eight years older than me, but we are still very close. She is my best friend and mentor. She has no boyfriend; I mean she doesn’t have a boyfriend anymore. By the way enough with my life, let’s go back to my story. After a while I get to know him and to my surprise he doesn’t have any girlfriend. The more we have conversations the more I fall to him. Then one day, he uttered all the characteristics he wanted for a girl. â€Å"Of course I want an honest and loyal in a way that she won’t flirt with others, responsible, kind-hearted, loving and sweet ‘cause I want a girl who can take good care of me, smart, has a great sense of humour, since I don’t want a boring girl and she should know how to make me smile and laugh, knows how to cook well, pretty and with a killer smile and also a prayerful one.† He said that while smiling. â€Å"Shit! His voice is so attractive. The way he smiled made me speechless† I mumbled. Then jokingly he asked me. â€Å"How about you what do you want for a guy?† â€Å"I want a guy who loves me a lot, and only me alone, protective and concerned but not in a way that I’ll not be suffocated, I want a guy who allots his time for me, I also wants who loves me not with what I have but with who I am, an honest one that will not hurt and give me pain, brave and strong and ready to stand-up for me, of course I also think about our future, so that, I want a smart, resourceful and an industrious one. The looks and talent should be there also but being taller than me and a sport minded one is an edge.† â€Å"Whoa! You are still young but you think and plan deeper than me, on the other hand, is it really possible that we can find the one for us that has the attitudes we like?† â€Å"Yes, if God and the future will be good to us. But God won’t give us the things we wanted, but, instead, He bestows us the things we needed.† â€Å"You’re right; by the way I ha ve a class to attend to. Just study first, your too young for love.† When I got home, I was like an idiot smiling and laughing alone. Until my sister noticed me, she asked â€Å"Hey, why are you smiling like a freak there? Want to share? Is it about your lovelife?† â€Å"Ye†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But I want to share my story to you first† â€Å"Okay† â€Å"Do you know that my ex-boyfriend’s cousin has a friend. Then his friend has a brother that I saw a while ago in one of our stores together with JJ, my ex- boyfriend. He introduced Grey to me and vice versa. Grey is the perfect for an ideal boyfriend!†. â€Å"Wow, he’s name is like mine’s it’s so manly too.† â€Å"So a guy is the cause of your smile right?† â€Å"Yeah† â€Å"Are you in love?† â€Å"No! It has only been five months since we met.† â€Å"Denying is also lying right? So are you lying to me? Ok, fine I’ll gonna sleep!† â€Å"Ok, Purps good night!† The next day we meet again and talked about the girl he likes. â€Å"You know what she’s so kind, even though, we just known each other for a short period of time. I think that I like her, but I shouldn’t be.† â€Å"Huh? But why?† â€Å"No, nevermind!† â€Å"Wait are we considered as close friends already?† â€Å"Of course. I think we are more than close, we are best friends.† â€Å"Really? Aren’t we awkward?† â€Å"Of course not! We are not doing anything bad naman ah!† â€Å"Okay, it’s my turn now, do you know that there’s a guy I like?† â€Å"Whoa! Really do you have a love life now?† Laughingly I said â€Å"Lovelife in an instant, can’t I have any crush first? By the way, aside from his looks, he also dances naturally plus he’s smart also!† â€Å"Really? If that so, he would be very lucky.† He answered in a low tone of voice. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Oops, the bell already rang. Okay, catch yah later!† Tsk. Crap that’s it na nga eh! He’ll gonna tell the reason. Badtrip! I went home so late because of the plenty requirements my teachers gave plus I have so many things to bring! Then my friends went home early and my driver can’t fetch me because he has to attend his son’s wedding tonight! This is an unlucky day. I really don’t want to ride in a cab and I’m not used to commute alone. â€Å"As I was waiting for a cab to arrive someone shouted† â€Å"Hey!† I looked back and said â€Å"Oh, it’s you! I thought you already went home† â€Å"Yeah, I was walking straight to my apartment but I saw your driver near the church. So I hurriedly go back here to check if you already have gone home. Let me have your things, I’m gonna accompany you, so that, I am ensured that you will be safe.† I was really so flattered about the things he said and didn’t have the chance to answer him back or even thank him. After an hour of standing there, he finally decided that we should take a jeepney. As we sit upon, the people are all staring and were like â€Å"Seriously?† Since I am really tired I almost fall asleep, he hugged me, so that, my head will be supported. An ensuing silence between us two was felt. And as the driver said the destination, I hurriedly thank him and got down the jeep. â€Å"Take care!† he shouted. And I replied him with a smile. As I am walking a group of men suddenly grabbed my hair and pointed me with a knife. I tried to scream but they are too strong for me. My things fell off on my hands. I am really scared, there was nothing that I could do, but to cry and cry as they were unbuttoning my blouse, I am really hopeless. But out of the blue, I heard gunshots, and as I open my eyes, all I can see darkness, and a man wearing a yellow shirt, but I didn’t have the chance to thank him or even see his face. The next thing I know is that it is already morning and I’m in a hospital, my things are also there too. The nurses already contacted the number in my I.D. They said that a man named Y.L. brought me there. I am fine and still not touched, although I got some bruises. Purps texted me that she can’t come because her boss didn’t still arrive in the office, she just advised me to call my driver quickly, so that, I can already rest. As we arrived in our house, I quickly sleep, and when I woke up my sister texted me that she can’t go home early, because she have to visit her boss in the hospital who had been beaten up and has deep stab. The next day, I ignore everyone, as if I’m the only one living in this world, and I pay no attention even to my bestfriend. â€Å"Hey are you okay? What happened why were you absent yesterday?† he asked when I was about to ride in the car. â€Å"I’m sorry I’m really tired. I’m not in the mood to talk about anything today.† I answered. As Manong Fred is preparing to start the engine, I heard my bestfriend whispered. â€Å"Is she okay? Is it my fault? I really miss her a lot.† It has been weeks since we had our last convo. He texts, calls and even send me cards to know my situation, although I really appreciate his efforts, I still avoided him, I just don’t know why I’m doing this to him, maybe I’m just blaming him to what had happened to me. Today, a month before my birthday, Purps told me something. â€Å"Sis, do you remember my boss?† â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Well he was the one who saved you last month from those maniacs.† â€Å"Really, how’d you know?† â€Å"He accidentally saw your picture on my phone and told me the story.† â€Å"But why didn’t he show up?† â€Å"It is because he had a deep cut and needed an operation quickly, that’s why you had blood stains on your uniform right?† â€Å"Oh. But why is he strolling around our village?† â€Å"He will pick me up because we had a date that night; actually until now we are dating. By the way, do you still rememb er Grey?† â€Å"Kinda?† â€Å"Well, he’s Y.L’s brother and he’s teaching in your school, in fact he’s real name is Derrick Kryp.† Those words of Purps made me speechless. I am really surprised. â€Å"Wha†¦What did you say? Because Grey or Sir Rick is the one I love.† â€Å"Really? Whoa! Actually I asked Y.L to bring Grey together with him, for you two to meet each other, but to my surprised I’m the one who needs to know my sister’s love more.† I have nothing to do but to be amazed, ‘cause we are so connected with each other. â€Å"Red, they also have a little sister named Gelai or Green. Isn’t it amazing our names just like them are like colors?† â€Å"Yeah, it is.† In any minute they’ll be here. And I’m not yet ready to face them. Then they arrived, and as we ride the car, no one speaks, as if the four of us don’t know each other. Rick and I are seemed to be very surprised of what is going on, then an ensuing silence was heard To bring out the mood, Y.L began to speak â€Å"How are you now Red? Aren’t you traumatized?† Then Rick started to ponder â€Å"Huh? What’s going on? Are you two knew each other? What traumatized?† â€Å"Yeah, Y.L, I’m much better now than last month. By the way, thank you very much.† I answered. Then Purps replied to Rick’s question. â€Å"Y.L was the person who saved my sister from those maniacs who attempted to rape her last month.† â€Å"Really? Red, is that the reason why you had avoided me these past weeks? Are you really okay now?† Rick asked me, but I didn’t answered. When we arrived in the restaurant, Purps reserved as another table. â€Å"Red, why didn’t you tell me about that incident? You know what I’m really mad that you aren’t talking to me last month.† â€Å"I’m really sorry, I just didn’t want to talk about it and maybe I’m too scared of what had happened.† â€Å"I really miss you Red, I thought that you are about to forget me, without knowing the reason why. â€Å"I missed you too Derrick, but remember that I won’t forget you, you’ll always be in my heart.† â€Å"Red, I love you, I love you more than anything else in this world. I even love you more than my life.† Those words of him made me wordless, I feel like I has been struck by a lightning, my heart beats so fast and I feel like I am jumping in the cloud nine, I’ve never felt this feeling before. â€Å"What? Are you crazy? I’m a graduating highschool student who is deeply inlove with her teacher, and 15 year-old girl who has a relationship with her educator. What will others say to us? What will be our future?† â€Å"Really, do you also love me? I don’t care what will others will say to us, as long as we are both happy of what we are doing and we aren’t hurting others. I’ll just resign being a teacher after you had graduated and work for my brother in our company, is it okay with you?† â€Å"Yeah, as long as we will be together legally. I really love you.† He suddenly hugged me and whispered unto my ears the words I love to hear everyday â€Å"I love you and I will always do.† â€Å"We will be legalized after I graduated don’t worry, just wait for a month and you can call me your girl and not your student anymore.† â€Å"Of course, for you I’ll do everything.†

fathers and sons essays

fathers and sons essays Fathers and Sons could of have easily been the title for Chaim Potoks novel The Chosen. In his first book, The Chosen, Potok portrays two different father and son relationships where the tradition becomes the source of conflict for his central characters, as they each seek their identities in the contemporary, secular society1. From one father and son relationship to the other each has its own set of problems and has their own way to communicate with one another. The conflicts in The Chosen functions at several levels. These are generational conflict, the temperamental conflict, the conflict between head and heart, and the opposition between a petrified fanaticism and humane tolerance2. In Chaim Potoks The Chosen each father and son relationship represent two different sides of Jewish life. The Chosen begins with a softball game between two Jewish parochial schools. Reuven Malter who is the son of a Jewish scholar is hit in the face with a ball hit by Danny Saunders who is the son of a Hasid that almost makes him blind. These two boys have two different backgrounds. Reuven is Orthodox; Danny is a Hasid, the son of a rabbi and destined by his father to take his hereditary place as tzaddik- a teacher, spiritual advisor, mediator between his community of followers and God3. This simple game in which the novel begins with not only triggers the conflict but determines the direction the novel would take. While recovering in the hospital the two boys become spiritual and intellectual brothers. Neither one could have imagined that through their one incident at the baseball game that they would grow to become spiritual brothers. Each teaches the other about their beliefs and their differences in their ways that each one of them are brought up. For Reuven and Danny are can be compared to the Ying and Yang because one supplements the other. Danny is a young man torn between fulfilling...

Minimal Pairs Pronunciation Lesson

Minimal Pairs Pronunciation Lesson Minimal pairs are pairs of words that have one phonemic change between them. For example: let and lit. Using these pairs to help students recognize the minor differences between English muted vowel sounds can greatly help not only pronunciation skills, but also comprehension. Aim Improve pronunciation and recognition skills Activity The use of minimal pairs to help students distinguish minor differences between English vowel sounds Level Pre-intermediate to upper-intermediate depending on students capabilities Outline Introduce the idea of minimal pairs by writing a list on the board of a number of minimal pairs. For example: but - boot, sit - set, caught - cut, sing - song, etc.Practice comprehension skills by using the provided lists of minimal pairs. Each list contains one minimal pair with a number of examples.Once students are comfortable with the sounds, read sentence examples (for example: The call took a long time to go through - for the first pair) using one word of the pair provided. Ask students to identify which word of each pair was used.Continue using the list of pairs by asking students to practice the lists.Ask students to identify two vowel sounds which they want to focus on, for example: eh and uh, and have them create their own list of minimal pairs.Have pairs exchange lists and practice reading the others lists aloud.If appropriate, continue lesson by a more extended look into the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet, see IPA Lesson) Back to lessons resource page

Stuxnet virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stuxnet virus - Research Paper Example The critical infrastructure of any country consists of composite, self-governing and cyber based resources, which is vital for the nation’s financial system and supervision. It is concerned with communications, transportation, water supply, energy, emergency services, and banking and finance. On the other side, vulnerabilities also emerged causing disruption to the critical infrastructure affecting in several ways. Although there are many vulnerabilities, cyber attacks are the most prominent one. Cyber attacks approach the target in a nontraditional way. Due to inequity in the military strengths, hackers attack this critical infrastructure affecting both the economy as well as the military sector of the country (SANS: Critical infrastructure protection). Economy of countries adopting a computerized critical infrastructure relies on cyber-supported infrastructures, enabling hackers to attack on the information systems and the infrastructure to damage the economy and military st rength (SANS: Critical infrastructure protection). Thousands of new cyber attacks categorized with ‘Major’ and ‘Minor’ are penetrated on the Internet daily. The focus is the power sector of the United States including websites of Poland, South Korea and United Kingdom. They all have witnessed cyber attacks in past few months. Different schools in various states of America have lost millions of fraudulent wire transfers (Shackelford, 2010). Cyber attacks are intelligent as well as organized. Once the network is hacked, they install small lop holes or software intruders for giving hackers access whenever they want to access the network again. In simple words, one can say that, it is a computer-to-computer attack to steal the confidential information, integrity or the data presently available on the network. The attack adopts a calculated approach to modify action against data, software and hardware in both computers and networks (Denning & Denning, 2010). It is essential to define a solid network defense for handling cyber attacks. The government or the private sector could operate it, both Networks provide opportunities for hackers to intrude the destination remotely and take control of the capabilities and resources these devices has. The impact of hacking in these systems is devastating. For example, hackers may gain access to the military radar systems, credit card data stolen, data stolen from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has revealed secret agents, and now their life is at risk etc. The capacity of these attacks impact on the country’s economy, security and financial stability. They breach government networks that are directly related to national services. ‘Stuxnet’ The most destructive virus or worm was discovered in June 2010 named as ‘Stuxnet’. It was classified as a ‘worm’. Network dictionary provides a comprehensive definition of a ‘worm’ that states as à ¢â‚¬Å"A destructive program that replicates itself throughout a single computer or across a network, both wired and wireless. It can do damage by sheer reproduction, consuming internal disk and memory resources within a single computer or by exhausting network bandwidth. It can also deposit a Trojan that turns a computer into a zombie for spam and other malicious purposes. Very often, the terms "worm" and "virus" are used synonymously; however, worm implies an automatic method for reproducing

Identify the key elements which allows precedents to work in English Essay

Identify the key elements which allows precedents to work in English court - Essay Example One interesting fact about the UK judicial system is that UK does not have one unified judicial system. There are three different systems can be witnessed one for England and Wales, one system for Scotland and one system for Northern Ireland (Hart & Hart, 2012). The judicial precedent of Northern Ireland is somewhat similar to that of England and Wales but the precedent in Scotland shows a quite different system altogether. As far as the English law is concerned depending upon the type of the case whether a criminal case or a civil case the hearing is conducted in different courts. The doctrine of judicial precedent is the base for the common law system. The principle of stare decisis is the base for the system of precedent. The inner meaning of this that the lower court has to take into account and follow the decisions of the higher courts where the facts of the cases are generally same. Thus this statement supports the need of understanding the hierarchy of the courts and their inter-relationship, which will help in understanding the development of the common law (Jacob, 2012). The hierarchy of the courts is as follows: When the precedent is set by the court at the same level, it is mandatory the court is bound by the previous decision. However, this particular rule is subject to exceptions (Baker, 2000). There are various considerations that can be applied depending upon the level of the court, which will determine if the court can depart from an earlier decision of a court at the same level. This court does not generally recognize the doctrine of precedent and has the freedom to depart from its own earlier decision. But the decisions from the European Court of Justice are bound to all courts in England & Wales. The Supreme Court replaced the House of Lords on 1st October 2009. The jurisdictions of the Supreme Court are same as that of the House of Lords and the Justices of the Supreme Court will take up the

Digging Deeper Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Digging Deeper - Research Paper Example During his teenage, Mendelssohn was already a high-ranking musical composer although most of his works never reached the public domain. He received various invites to attend different concerts in Berlin and Zurich from where he got a chance to practice his work. At the age of fifteen, Mendelssohn was a full-grown musician and he had already written his first symphony. His musical genius was later exhibited when he wrote his first string octet using E-flat. Like other romantic era musicians, his music sought to tell the deep feelings and secrets of humanity. However, Mendelssohn maintained the conservative tone of classical music throughout his work. The conservative nature of his work is what separated his from the adventurous artists of romantic era such as Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt and Richard Wanger. His work included symphonies, piano music, chamber music and oratorios. His most celebrated symphony is A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Felix composed the symphony following Shakespeare’s request. The song featured in the Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The Hebrides is his second most celebrated work of art. Felix first performed this song to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1829 at their palace. Felix Mendelssohn lived and talked music up to his death in 1847. Your post on Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov is significant to the discussion and timely. The post is also unique since it deals with Russian romantic era music. This is significant to the discussion since most post have focused on European music. The post has also analyzed the song by considering its rhythm and some other important features of style. Although your post has contributed significantly to the discussion, there are few areas that you need to consider. Firstly, the post has overemphasized on your emotional attachment the song. The post has also left out essential information

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms  to Enhance Achievement and Language Learning Attitude Abstract Computer software has been widely used for teaching English language in flipped classrooms. The present study supplied a practical example of integrating Computer-Assisted language Learning (CALL) programs in English courses to flip the teaching process. The kind of CALL integration addressed in this study has allowed much more flexibility in delivering instruction to diverse groups of English learners or at best, to implement individualized instruction. Examples of modeling CALL programs in teaching listening, pronunciation, reading, writing, and vocabulary were implemented in this study. Sixty students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) studying at King Marriott Higher Institute for computer participated in this study. The control group studied through the regular non-flipped classroom while the experimental group studied through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. Following the Quasi experimental pre-post design the study was conducted during the first seme ster of the academic year 2016-2017. The results of the study showed that CALL programs in flipped classrooms have improved the students language learning attitude and averaged examination scores to a statistically significant extent. Key words: CALL, flipped classroom, attitude, individualized instruction 1. Background Introduction to CALL What is CALL? The acronym CALL represents a term that stands for Computer-Assisted Language Learning. It refers to manipulating computers in language teaching and learning. Traditionally, it is used as a means of teaching and assessing particular language items. Following the traditional CALL process, the learners are first introduced a rule and different examples, then, they practice varied exercises to test their knowledge of the rule and finally, the computer gives appropriate feedback and awards marks in records to be later checked by the teacher. Levy and Hubbard (2005) define CALL as the field that is concerned with how the computer mediates between the language learner and language learning objectives (figure 1). Figure 1. Levy and Hubbards 2005 conceptualization of CALL Levy (1997, p. 1) defines Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) as the search for and the study of computer applications in language teaching and learning. Beatty (2003, p. 7) gives a broad definition of what may go on in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), Beatty gives a definition of CALL that accommodates its changing nature that is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language. Furthermore, CALL includes issues of material, design, technologies, pedagogical theories and of instruction modes. CALL materials include those which are mainly made for language learning and those which adapt the existing computer-based materials, e.g. video and other materials (Beatty, 2003, pp. 7-8). The History of CALL For more than three decades, computers have been used in language teaching. Three main stages represent the history of CALL: Behaviouristic CALL, Communicative CALL and Integrative CALL (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Each stage corresponds to a certain pedagogical approach. Behaviouristic CALL Influenced by audio-lingual teaching method, Behaviouristic CALL was emerged in the late 1960s and used widely in the 1970s. This stage was characterized by using repetitive language drills, known as drill-and practice. The computer represented a mechanical tutor that never allowed students to work individually, which in turn inhibited motivation. It also implied using extensive drills, grammatical explanations and translation (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Communicative CALL The Communicative CALL initiated in the 1980s after rejecting the behavioristic approach to language teaching theoretically and pedagogically. At this time, personal computers were paving the way for students to work individually at schools. Corresponded to cognitive theories, Communicative CALL considered learning as a process of discovery, expression and development. Advocates of Communicative CALL debated that computer based activities should focus more on using communication forms. Furthermore, software including simulations and text reconstruction program was widely used and developed in this period. Therefore, Communicative CALL focused on what the students did with each other while working at the computer rather than what they did with the computer. Interactive CALL Interactive CALL replaced communicative CALL which began to be criticized by the 1990s. Thus, teachers used more social and learner-centered methods in a response to new second language acquisition theories and socio-cognitive trends. Language learning in authentic social contexts was emphasized at this time. Content-based project-based and task-based approaches were applied to integrate learners in authentic environments, and to integrate and use various skills of language learning. In such integrative approaches, learners try to use a variety of technological tools and progress a continuing process of language learning instead visiting the computer lab once a week for conducting separated exercises. Types of CALL Programs Davies, Hewer, Rendall, and Walker, (2004) divide CALL programs into: Specific CALL software: They are specific language learning programs designed to develop, facilitate the language learning process, like language learning CDs, language learning websites and quizzes. Generic software: They are general computer software designed for general purposes, like word-processors, presentation software, and spreadsheet, that can be used in language learning. Web-based language programs: They are online language learning programs like concordancers, online dictionaries, online encyclopedias, news/magazine sites, etc. Computer-mediated communication (CMC): programs for online oral and written communication like email programs, online asynchronous and synchronous chat, discussion forum, etc. Warschauer (1996) divides CALL programs and applications into two main categories; computer as tutor programs and computer as tool programs. Computer as a tutor refers to CALL programs designed for teaching grammar, listening, pronunciation, reading, text reconstruction, vocabulary and writing. Computer as a tool refers to the most common use of a computer as a tool, and probably the usual use of computer programs for language learning, as word processing programs, grammar checkers, concordancers and collaborative writing. Advantages of computer in language teaching and learning Teaching and learning technologies become one of the most effective areas in the educational system, especially in language learning (Reinders and Thomas, 2012). Today the number of teachers and students using computers and the Internet to teach/learn a second language has increased due to the technology advances (Han, 2008). In order to analyze the advantage of using computer in language learning, Li-Yun Lu and Tang (1996) divide the advantages into three types: the inherent nature of the computer; The benefit of the teacher; the benefit of the learner. The inherent nature of the computer The computer can handle a much wider range of activities, and much more powerfully, than other technological aids. It offers a two-way learning session with the student. The computer can assess the students response. It can also display messages, take the student through subsequent attempts at a question, and even take the student to a different section of package, depending on the nature of the response. The benefit of the teacher The computer presents several aspects of particular promise. Prominent among these is its versatility in handling different kinds of material. For example, the simplest is the one-way presentation of information, in the form of text, graphics, audio and video. Also, the computer can handle question-and-answer routines, simulated dialogues, hypothesis testing, and many other types of exercises. The benefit of the learner The computer also offers many advantages for the learner. Access is one of the benefits. The computer offers the student the choice of when to study particular topics and how long to spend on them. The flexibility makes many educational courses accessible to students who would otherwise have no chance to take them. It is not a dream to make the distance teaching. Many computers can be linked by telephone on special landlines. Alternatively, teachers can send tapes or discs of their materials through the post. Whatever the factors of time and distance, the computer retains its potential for personalized instruction. There is no low attention period as the student waits for his or her turn to come round in class. On the contrary, each student has the computers full attention and can work at the speed best suited to the individual. Flipped Classrooms What is a flipped classroom? The flipped classroom is a recent model of pedagogy in which the regular lecture and assignment elements of a course are reversed. In other words, activities that have traditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa. For instance, instead of having lectures during sessions at university, students gather the information largely outside of sessions, by reading, watching videos and listening to podcasts or other audio format (Centre for Academic Development and Quality, 2016). Tucker (2012) adds there is more than one model for flipping the classroom, the core idea is to flip the regular instructional approach: with the help of teacher-created videos and interactive lessons, instruction that used to take place in class is now accessed at home, in advance of class. The classroom becomes a place to deal with problems, advance concepts, and to engage in collaborative and active learning. In contrast to the lecture format, in flipped classrooms the role of the lecturer changes from being a presenter of content to a learning coach. Bergmann, Overmyer and Willie (2011) state that the lecturer is no longer the sage on the stage but the guide on the side. Students become active learners instead of relying on the lecturer as the disseminator of knowledge. Advantages of the flipped classrooms Flipped classrooms have may learning advantages related to sustainable learning, engagement and interaction. Bergmann, Overmeyer and Willie (2011) include several advantages for the Flipped classroom: 1- lifelong learning: learners depend on CALL programs to learn the content before coming to classrooms. Such method of acquiring knowledge, is a lifelong learning skill. 2- Material engagement: in classroom learners complete different active learning exercises that reflect the applications, implications and controversies associated with the material. This engagement highlights the importance of the material in the learners everyday lives and helps them relate to the topics. 3- interaction between learners and faculty: class periods are specified to interactions among the learners. This strategy shifts the focus of learners from the front of the classroom. The flipped classroom moves the faculty teacher from the stage to one-on-one interacting with the students. 2. Method 2.1. Participants and location The study was conducted at the King, Marriott Higher Institute for Computer Science, Alexandria, Egypt during the first semester of the academic year 2016-2017. 60 students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) participated in the study. 2.3. Treatment Two units from CommercialTechnical English Terminology Textbookà ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  were used in this study (Unit 1: Introduction into Business English and Unit 2: Recruitment). The control group studied the two units through the regular non-flipped classroom. The experimental group studied the units through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. The researchers introduced the proposed CALL programs and how to use them during the introductory session. 2.4. Instruments 2.4.1. Achievement Test The researchers conducted an achievement test to assess the participants performance. The test is composed of three parts; the first evaluates communication skills, the second assesses vocabulary acquisition and the third is reading comprehension. (appendix I). 2.4.2. Attitude Survey To assess the participants attitudes toward the flipping classrooms in English language learning, the researchers conducted an attitude survey (appendix II). The researchers followed Lickerts 5 range scale in conducting the survey. 3. Results 3.1. Achievement Hypothesis One There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and that of the control group in the post application the achievement test in favor of the experimental group students. To verify the validity of the previous hypothesis independent samples t-test was used. Table (1) shows the significance of difference between the mean scores of the control and the experimental group students in post-testing. Table 1 Significance of difference between the mean scores of the experimental and the control group students in post- testing Group Mean Std. Deviation Levenes Test df t Sig. Control 13.4 1.79 F Sig. 58 5.35 .001 Experimental 15.7 1.57 .31 .57 The data presented in table (1) reveals that Levenes Test F (Equality of Variances) equals 0.31 which is significant at 0.57, t value is (5.35) and significant at 0.001, and df equals 58 which means that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control and experimental group in post-testing. 3.2. Attitudes Hypothesis two: Participants have positive attitudes toward flipped classrooms in English language learning. Results of attitude survey are presented in the following table. Table 2 Students attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning Statement Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. No.12 (41.4%) No.13 (44.8%) No.3 (10.3%) No.1 (3.4%) No.0 (0%) 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. No.11 (36.7%) No.14 (46.7%) No.3 (10%) No.2 (6.7%) No.0 (0%) 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. No.9 (30%) No.15 (50%) No.5 (16.7%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.5 (16.7%) No.0 (0%) No.0 (0%) 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. No.18 (60%) No.11 (36.7%) No.0 (0%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 6.Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.4 (13.3%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) Close inspection of the data presented in the previous table reveals that the participants have positive attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning. 4. Discussion The researchers implemented different CALL programs in this study like Natural Reader, Corpus concordancing, online listening Lab and PowerPoint presentations. The selected training units were explained and presented through PowerPoint program and were given to the experimental group students to be studied outside the classroom. Also, the experimental group students were trained during the introductory session on a cocordancing program for enhancing vocabulary acquisition and the natural reader program for developing reading skills. Experimental group students were trained to study the proposed units outside the classroom and to practice different activities in the classroom to enhance what they have studied. On the other hand the control group students studied with the regular method, i.e. explanation in the classroom and activities outside the classroom. After finishing the treatment (2 units) both the experimental and the control group students sat for an achievement test and the experimental group students completed an attitude survey related to the flipped classrooms. The mean scores of the control and the experimental group were 13.4 and 15.7. The results of the achievement test highlights the effectiveness of flipping the classrooms. Furthermore, the results of the survey proved that experimental group students agreed upon flipping the classrooms. References Beatty, K. (2003). Teaching and researching computer-assisted language learning. New York: Longman. Bergmann, J., Overmyer, J., and Willie, B. (2011). The flipped class: What it is and What it is not. The Daily Riff. Retrieved from http://www.thedailyriff.com/ articles/the-flipped-class-conversation-689.php. Centre for Academic Development and Quality (2016). CADQ Guide: The flipped classroom. Nottingham Trent University. Retrieved from www.ntu.ac.uk/cadq Davies, G., Hewer, S., Rendall, H., Walker, R. (2004). ICT4LT Module 1.4: Introduction to computer assisted language learning (CALL). http://www. ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-4.html. Han, W. (2008). Benefits and barriers of computer assisted language learning and teaching. US-China Foreign Language, 6(9), 40-43. Levy, M. (1997) CALL: Context and conceptualization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levy, M. and Hubbard, P. (2005). Why call CALL CALL? Computer Assisted Language Learning. Vol. 18, No. 3. Li-Yun Lu and Tang, F (1996). Computer-Assisted Language Learning. NYU School of Education Department of Teaching and Learning-Multilingual Multicultural Studies TESOL. Reinders, H., Thomas, M. (2012). Contemporary computer assisted language learning. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com. Tucker, B. (2012). The Flipped Classroom. Education Next. Retrieved from www. educationnext.org. Warschauer M. (1996) Computer Assisted Language Learning: an Introduction.In Fotos S. (ed.) Multimedia language teaching, Tokyo: Logos International: 3-20. Warschauer, M., Healey, D. 1998. Computers and language learning: an overview. Language teaching forum. 31, Pp.57-71. Appendices Appendix I Achievement Test I- Complete the following conversation. (7 pts) Operator: Hello, Frank and Brothers company, ? John: This is John Robert. Can I have extension 3421? Operator: Certainly, . . David: Jack Richardsons office, David speaking. John: John Robert calling, is. ? David: Imsorry hes out at the moment. Can ? John: Yes, Could you ask him to . at 9147 6320. Its urgent. David: Could you the number please? John: Yes, thats 9147 6320, and this is John Robert. David: Thank you Mr Robert, Ill make message. John: Thanks, bye. David: Good bye. II- Insert the following words in the gaps in the text below. (9 pts) Many People looking for work read the . advertised in newspapers by companies and. . To reply to an adevertisment it is to for a job. You fill the companys., and send it along with your CV and You often have to give the names of two.. . If your qualifications match the , you might be. , i.e. selected to attend an.. . III- Read the following extract, then answer the questions. (4 pts) Business is an organized approach to providing customers with different products and services they need. Also word business refers to an organization that provides these products and services. Businesses in general seek to make a profit i.e., they aim to achieve revenues that exceed the costs of operating the business. Prominent examples of for-profit businesses include Mitsubishi Group, General Motors Corporation, and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs. Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies, foundations, advocacy groups, and many hospitals. Answer the following questions. 1- Define business and its main aim. 2- Show the difference between profit and nonprofit business. 3- Mention two examples of nonprofit organizations. 4- Propose a suitable title to the extract. Appendix II Attitude Survey Choose the response that best reflects your attitude 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 6. Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  This book is compiled and supplemented by one of the researchers (Dr. ayman Elesery).